The treatment

In medicine, treatment or therapy (Greek θεραπεία / therapeia = treatment) is the set of media of any kind, hygienic, pharmacological, surgical or physical processes (see physical therapy) aimed at cure or relief (palliation) of disease or symptoms when a diagnosis has been reached.

treatment is a set of means used to relieve or cure a disease , get to the essence of what is unknown or transform something. The concept is common in the field ofmedicine .

In this case, the concept of treatment is often used synonymously with therapy . It may be a set of media of all kinds: surgical, physiological, pharmacological, and so on. Its aim is to alleviate or cure the symptoms detected through a diagnosis .

Rehabilitation treatment consists of several procedures that seek to help the patient achieve the fullest physical and mental potential compatible with the possible physiological or anatomical impairments and environmental limitations. These treatments are developed with the intention of restoring health . For example: "The player will undergo rehabilitation treatment that can overcome his addiction to drugs," "The player and spent five weeks in treatment for your injury rehabilitation."

 

immunological therapy

Immune therapy or immunotherapy, in which agents are used immunomodulators, part of the drug which is a branch of pharmacology. These agents act directly or indirectly by modifying a specific immune function by modifying any of the network components inmunoregulatoria.

The available treatment that has proven to be the best for the immune health is a potent anti-HIV therapy. Studies show that its use can increase CD4 + cell counts, reduce immune activation associated with the progress of the disease, and help the immune system to control infections graves. En theory, HIV therapy accomplishes this by slowing the destruction del immune system, allowing it to repair and strengthen itself.

They are pharmacological agents that are used as part of drug therapy and have been classified by its use and functionality in various medical fields

Since it has made treatment of infectious diseases and prevention therapies have been applied, has been a clear role for immunotherapy. The objective of using immunotherapeutic agents is to increase or decrease immune responses defined, which are expected to generate relief specific conditions and that such modifications become as efficient and specific cases are handled uncontrollable immune responses such as septicemia, due to Excess release of inflammatory cytokines, growth or induction of leukocyte required in bone marrow transplantation, as done with the colony stimulating factor, granulocyte macrophage-known commercially as Leukine or sargramostim.

However, the actual use, the increase in demand, and potential new immunotherapeutic agents, there are knowledge gaps that must be covered and which are related to the integration and regulation inmunoregulatoria network, in addition, no know the exact association of immunology with other physiological and neuroendocrine system. Without doubt, know more about the immune network will increase the application of immunotherapeutic agents and to apply fine adjustments in certain specific immune responses which would make better use and achieve a better combination of immunomodulatory agents. Immune therapies should aim to be more conventional, lower cost and thus, would be enough to cover a greater number of people who require it. Unfortunately, at present, even when treatments are shown to be successful and effective, are still inaccessible for much of the population by the high costs involved in the design, preparation and development of these drugs.

There are several advantages of using biological immunomodulatory therapies compared with conventional drugs: side effects are mild and limited to minor skin reactions at sites of application and although the response is slow (occurs between 3 and 4 months) have a lasting effect and can persist for months to years. While
conventional drugs have a much faster response, the duration of effect is short and, in many cases, generate unpleasant side effects, Although immunomodulators are effective and safe, and even still they have been designed well, they need an accurate assessment in humans that do not lead to unexpected effects like what occurred in the human trial of a humanized monoclonal antibody ( designed to mitigate autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency) serious flaws that caused catastrophic multisystem volunteers treated. This requires that any
patient under immunotherapy
treatment is monitored by your doctor.

According to the basic list and catalog of Mexican health sector medicine, 43 different pharmaceutical formulations for biological imunoterapeúticos agents (including vaccine-antigens, cellular mediators, and Ig mAb), 29 of them are vaccines (2 recombinant), 9 Ig or globulins , 3 interferons 1a, b a2a, one of them is a humanized mAb and another is a growth factor.Several immunotherapeutic drugs used in other parts of the world, are not included, but some have been registered with the Ministry of Health for pharmaceutical laboratories produce and they give them full information as can be seen upon entering the pages Internet that have generated in Mexico.

Immunomodulators have been divided into several groups:  Cytokines such as colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, chemokines and hormones of the thymus and monoclonal antibodies that block receptor antagonists to proinflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulins , Glucocorticoids and synthetic compounds with anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant proteins with antiinflammatory properties. In this review we only consider some of them for their biological and immunological origin and refers to antibody fragments.

Cytokines. Are mediators of soluble cellular immune response with specific characteristics that depend on the cell that secretes and the function they perform. Only those secreted by T lymphocytes are considered important for the regulation of the immune response, only that due to the limitations of its quantity, not naturally occurring are used and are produced by recombinant techniques because the known genes encoding . Colony stimulating factor and interferons (IFN) have been the most used, but because several cytokines have presented undesirable side effects and limited effectiveness is lost some interest for use in contrast to IFN-IFN types a, IFN-ß and IFN-gamma. These mediators are produced
by cells stimulated by viral, bacterial intracellular organisms and toxins and are
considered versatile because they can induce cell anti-proliferation, apoptosis and
regulation of immune complexes

Interleukin-2

Interleukin-2 (IL-2, Proleukin) is a natural immune chemical, which greatly improves the production of CD4 + counts increased in people taking anti-HIV therapy. This is the most immune therapy is being studied for HIV. Two large international studies are underway to determine whether IL-2 can enhance and extend quality of life in people with HIV. Some evidence suggests that it may also extend the lifespan of CD4 + cells.

Immunoglobulins. Are commercial preparations derived from human blood are administered intravenously and intramuscularly and are used as replacement therapy in patients with immunodeficiencies Ig or as immunomodulators of the immune response. For its human origin, are evaluated to rule out Ac anti-HIV, Hepatitis B Ag and high levels of alanine aminotransferase. They are used to prevent acquisition of hepatitis A, varicella-zoster, hepatitis B, tetanus, rabies, cases of primary deficiencies of Ig including agama globulinemia associated chromosome X, common variable immunodeficiency, and immunodeficiencies such as Wiskott-Aldrich or the hyperglobulinemia M. According to the basic drugs from Mexico, there are five types of preparations: human antilymphocyte globulin, IgG unmodified antid Ig, Ig and Ig hyperimmune human tetanus normal. Although its use is controversial because of the presence AIDS, are applied in bone marrow transplants in chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the treatment of premature infants who are deficient in acquisition of Ig by passive transfer from the mother and the prevention of infections in cases of post-surgical recovery of high risk.

Disease Control

Prevention of disease is a primary care strategy, which is effective in the comprehensive care of people. This considers the human being from a biopsychosocial perspective and interrelates the promotion, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and social reintegration with the different structures and levels of the NHS.

Therefore it is said that prevention involves health promotion and timely diagnose and treat a patient, also rehabilitate and prevent complications or sequelae of their illness, through its various levels of intervention.

Routes of Drug Administration-Definition

Route of Entry or the means by which drugs are introduced into the body to produce its effects 

Routes of Drug Administration-Classification

Enteral: Drugs are introduced into the body through natural orifices of the body.
Concerning or relating to the bowel or gastrointestinal tract. 

- ORAL

- SUBLINGUAL 

- RECTAL 

 

Parenteral:
The drugs to be introduced into the body, requires the use of a hollow hypodermic needle, a hole is created in the body unnatural.

Different or parallel to the bowel or gastrointestinal tract. 

ntramuscular, intraperitoneal 

Subcutaneous, Intra-
Intravascular Intrapleural
Intraosseous Intravenous
Intrathecal intraarterial
Intracardiac intralymphatic

Topical:
Medication is applied to skin or mucous membranes for a local effect.

Example topical routes:
Hearing Conjunctiva
Nasal Colon
Vaginal Urethra
Bladder Skin
Transdermal medications are applied to the skin for a systemic effect.

Routes of Drug Administration-ORAL 

Advantages: 
comfortable, simple, convenient, common economic, safe, secure, allows self

Disadvantages:
irritation, irregular absorption, stomach pH, ​​presence of food, enzymatic destruction, first-pass effect, destroying bacteria, lack of patient cooperation 

Routes of Parenteral Drug Administration- 

Advantages:
rapid effect, useful in emergency treatment, rapid absorption, avoid liver first pass effect, useful in unconscious patients 

Disadvantages: 
asepsis, painful, expensive, does not allow self-administration requires trained staff or trained

Routes of Intravenous Drug Administration- 

Advantage: 
no absorption, rapid effect, you can manage large volumes irritant solutions, you can adjust the dose 

Disadvantages:
risk of adverse reactions is high, you can easily reverse the effect, you can not manage or insoluble oily substances, the administration should be slow 

Routes of Drug Administration-Intramuscular 

Advantages:
highly irrigated tissue, administration of oily substances, and some irritants, prolonged and sustained effect 

Disadvantages:
interfere with anticoagulants 

Routes of Drug Administration, Intraperitoneal 

Advantages: 
wide absorption surface epithelium thin, high vascularity, useful in research, rapid absorption.

Disadvantages:
irritation, undergoes first-pass liver, organ perforation, infection, adhesions, it is frequently used in humans 

DRUG:

A drug is that purified chemical that is used to treat, cure, prevention or diagnosis of disease or for inhibiting the occurrence of an undesired physiological process. The outstanding feature and characteristic of the drug will then be
asubstance quite identical to that produced by the body itself, which is exogenously applied to the body and cause an immediate change in cell activity, this is the end, exclusive manner medical use.

There are different dosage forms under which are presented and marketed drugs in order to meet the one hand to maximize the therapeutic benefits the patient and the other, to minimize the side effects that sometimes produce these. These include the liquid (syrups, solutions, tinctures, sprays, eye drops), solid (powders, tablets, granules, tablets, capsules, pills), semisolid(emulsion, paste, cream, ointment, suspension, gel, ointment, suppositories )
and others such as inhalers, implants,
sprinklers, among others.

A drug, according to the pharmacology , is any substance that produces measurable effects or sensitive living organisms and is absorbed, can be transformed, stored or disposed.

this definition is bounded to those substances of clinical interest, ie those used for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, alleviation and cure of diseases, and preferred the name of toxic substances not intended for clinical use but can be absorbed accidental or intentionally, and drug use for substances that address social to modify mood states.

Drugs can be man-made substances or produced by other agencies and used by man. Thus, hormones, antibodies ,cytokines and vaccines are considered drugs to be administered in a dosage form. In summary, for a biologically active substance is classified as a drug should be administered exogenously to the body and medical purposes.

The drugs are sold and used primarily in the form of medicines, which contain or drugs prescribed by a physician in conjunction with excipients