Bones

Bone is a national firm, hard and resistant that is part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. It consists of hard and soft tissues. The main hard tissue is bone tissue, a specialized type of connective tissue composed of cells (osteocytes) and calcified extracellular components. There are 206 bones in the human body. The bones have a surface covering of fibrous connective tissue called periosteum and joint surfaces are covered by connective tissue cartilage. The components include soft connective tissues myeloid hematopoietic tissue and adipose (fatty) bone marrow.

The bones have various forms and serve several functions. With a complex internal structure but very functional morphology determines the bones are lightweight but very strong and hard.

The overall and organized bone specimens (bones) forms the skeleton or skeletal system. Each piece serves a particular function and set pieces in connection with next to which is articulated.

 

The bones in the human being are as vital organs like muscles or brain, and with a large capacity for regeneration and reconstitution.

composition

The general constitution of the bone is the bone tissue. While not all bones are equal in size and consistency, on average, its chemical composition is 25% water, 45% of phosphate and minerals such as calcium carbonate, and 30% organic matter, principally collagen and other proteins . Thus, the inorganic components reach approximately two thirds (65%) of bone weight (and only 35% is organic).

The minerals in the bones are not inert components or remain fixed but are constantly exchanged and replaced with organic components in a process known as remodeling.

Its formation and maintenance is regulated by hormones and food intake, which provide vital vitamins to function properly.

bones are classified as:

Long Bones. - Have a cylindrical shape, length predominates over the width and thickness, are divided into three parts a body and two ends (proximal and distal), usually found in the members locomotive. Example: humerus, femur, metacarpals, etc..

Short bones. - Have a cuboidal shape, being that none of its dominant size, its function is to buffer. Examples: carpal and tarsal bones.

Flat bones. - Its main feature is that they are wider and longer than thick, its function is to protect soft tissue and insertion of large muscle masses. Examples: scapula, skull and hip bones.

Irregular bones. - Have no predominant form or division for grouping, are odd and are located in the midline, its functions are variable but the most important is to protect the central nervous system. Examples: vertebrae, occipital, distal phalanx.

 

OSTEOPOROSIS 

Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones in the body. It is caused by lackof 

calcium deposited in the bones. This lack of calcium causes the bones to become brittle, so they break easily. Some side effects are limping. Some symptoms late in the disease include pain in the bones, living in a wheelchair (as a result of), and lower back pain due to spinal bone fractures. decreases as a person gets older

Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease.

Researchers estimate that about 1 out of 5 American women over the age of 50 have osteoporosis. About half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip, wrist, or vertebra (bones of the spine).

Osteoporosis occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both.

Calcium and phosphate are two minerals that are essential for normal bone formation. Throughout youth, your body uses these minerals to produce bones. If you do not get enough calcium, or if your body does not absorb enough calcium from the diet, bone production and bone tissues may suffer.

As you age, calcium and phosphate may be reabsorbed back into the body from the bones, which makes the bone tissue weaker. This can result in brittle, fragile bones that are more prone to fractures, even without injury.

Usually, the loss occurs gradually over years. Many times, a person will have a fracture before becoming aware that the disease is present. By the time a fracture occurs, the disease is in its advanced stages and damage is severe.

The leading causes of osteoporosis are a drop in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a drop in testosterone in men. Women over age 50 and men over age 70 have a higher risk for osteoporosis.

Other causes include:

• Being confined to a bed
• Chronic rheumatoid
  arthritis, chronic kidney disease, eating disorders
• Taking corticosteroid medications (prednisone, methylprednisolone) every day for more than 3 months, or taking some antiseizure drugs
• Hyperparathyroidism
  
• Vitamin D deficiency

White women, especially those with a family history of osteoporosis, have a greater than average risk of developing osteoporosis. Other risk factors include:

• Absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) for long periods of time
• Drinking a large amount of alcohol
• Family history of osteoporosis
• History of hormone treatment for prostate cancer or breast cancer
• Low body weight
• Smoking
• Too little calcium in the diet

Symptoms

There are no symptoms in the early stages of the disease.

Symptoms occurring late in the disease include:

• Bone pain or tenderness
  
  
• Fractures with little or no trauma
• Loss of height (as much as 6 inches) over time
• Low back pain due to fractures of the spinal bones
• Neck
  pain due to fractures of the spinal bones
• Stooped posture or kyphosis, also called a "dowager's hump"

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an acute or chronic bone infection.

Causes

Bone infection can be caused by bacteria (more common) or fungi (less common).

• Infection may spread to a bone from infected skin, muscles, or tendons next to the bone, as in osteomyelitis that occurs under a chronic skin ulcer (sore).
• The infection that causes osteomyelitis can also start in another part of the body and spread to the bone through the blood.
• A current or past injury may have made the affected bone more likely to develop the infection. A bone infection can also start after bone surgery, especially if the surgery is done after an injury or if metal rods or plates are placed in the bone.

In children, the long bones are usually affected. In adults, the feet, spine bones (vertebrae), and the hips (pelvis) are most commonly affected.

Risk factors are:

• Diabetes
  
• Hemodialysis
  
• Injected drug use
• Poor blood supply
• Recent trauma

People who have had their spleen removed are also at higher risk for osteomyelitis.

Symptoms

• Bone pain
  
• Fever
  
• General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill-feeling (malaise)
• Local swelling, redness, and warmth

Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:

• Chills
• Excessive sweating
  
• Low back pain
• Swelling of the ankles, feet, and legs
  

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to get rid of the infection and reduce damage to the bone and surrounding tissues.

Antibiotics are given to destroy the bacteria causing the infection. You may receive more than one antibiotic at a time. Often, the antibiotics are given through an IV (intravenously, meaning through a vein) rather than by mouth. Antibiotics are taken for at least 4 - 6 weeks, sometimes longer.

Surgery may be needed to remove dead bone tissue if you have an infection that does not go away. If there are metal plates near the infection, they may need to be removed. The open space left by the removed bone tissue may be filled with bone
graft or packing material that promotes the growth of new bone tissue.

Infection of an orthopedic prosthesis, such as an artificial joint, may need surgery to remove the prosthesis and infected tissue around the area. A new prosthesis may be implanted in the same operation. More often, doctors wait to implant the prosthesis until the infection has gone away.

If you have diabetes, it will need to be well controlled. If there are problems with blood supply to the infected area, such as the foot, surgery to improve blood flow may be needed.

 

osteochondrosis

 

The osteochondrosis are a family of orthopedic diseases that occur in children and animals that grow rapidly, especially pigs, horses and large dogs. They are characterized by interruption of blood supply to the bone, or a deficiency in this contribution with respect to the demands of rapidly growing bone

 

Most significant intra-articular osteochondrosis in humans

Scheuermann's disease of the vertebral bodies

Perthes disease (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease) in hip

Kienböck's disease, or osteochondrosis of the lunate of the wrist.

Köhler's disease, or osteochondrosis of the tarsal navicular

Freiberg's disease, head of the second metatarsal

Panner's disease, or osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum

 

dissecting osteochondritis

Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee

The Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus (ankle)

Panner disease itself is itself a humeral capitellum osteochondritis dissecans of

The Osteochondritis dissecans of the hip.

Bone cancer is a tumor bone malignant (cancerous) tumor that destroys the tissue normal bone . Not all bone tumors are malignant. In fact, benign bone tumors (noncancerous) are more common than malignant tumors. Both tumors as benign bone tumors may grow and compress healthy bone tissue, but benign tumors do not spread, do not destroy the bone tissue and are rarely life threatening.

Malignant tumors that begin in bone tissue are called primary bone cancer. Cancer that hasmetastasized (spread) to bones from other parts of the body, such as breast, lung and prostatecancer is called metastasis and is named for the organ or tissue in which it originated. Primary bone cancer is much less common than cancer that spreads to the bones.

The bones are formed by three types of fabrics: osteoid (hard or compact), cartilage (hard and flexible) and fibrous (filamentary), as well as elements ofbone marrow ( soft tissue , spongy center most bones).

Common types of primary bone cancer include:

• Osteosarcoma , which originates from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most frequently in the knee and the humerus (upper arm).
• Chondrosarcoma , which originates in the cartilage tissue. The cartilage cushions the ends of bones and joints coated. Chondrosarcoma occurs most frequently in the pelvis (located between the hip bones) in the upper leg and shoulder. Sometimes a chondrosarcoma contains cancerous bone cells. In that case, doctors classify the tumor and osteosarcoma.
• The tumors of the Ewing sarcoma family (Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors, ESFT), which usually originate in the bone but may also arise in soft tissue (muscles, adipose tissue (fat), fibrous tissue, blood vessels and other supporting tissues). Scientists believe that ESFT arise from immature nervous tissue elements in the bone or soft tissue. The ESFT occur more frequently along the spine and pelvis, and legs and arms.
  Other cancers that originate in the soft tissue are called sarcomas of soft tissue. These are not bone cancer and therefore not described in this application.
  What are the possible causes of bone cancer?
  Although bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the chance of developing these tumors. Osteosarcoma most often occurs in people who have received high doses of radiotherapy or treatment with certain anticancer drugs, children appear to be particularly prone to osteosarcoma. A small number of bone cancers are hereditary. For example, children who have had retinoblastoma hereditary (a rare cancer of the eyes) have a higher risk of osteosarcoma, particularly if treated with radiation .Also, people who have hereditary defects of bones and people with metal implants, which are sometimes used by doctors to repair fractures, are more prone to osteosarcoma. Ewing's sarcoma is not closely related to any syndrome of hereditary cancer with congenital childhood diseases or with previous exposure to
  radiation
  What are the symptoms of bone cancer?
  Pain is the most common symptom of bone cancer, but not all bone cancers cause pain. Persistent or unusual pain or swelling at or near the bone may be producidospor cancer or other problems. It is important to consult a doctor to determine the cause.
  How is bone cancer diagnosed?
  To make the diagnosis of bone cancer, the doctor asks about personal medical
  history and patient's family. The doctor also does a physical exam and may ask for lab tests and other diagnostic tests. Such evidence may include:
• X-rays can show the location, size and shape of a bone tumor. If X-rays suggest that there is an abnormal area that may be cancerous, the doctor may recommend special imaging tests. Although X-rays suggest that an abnormal area is benign, it is possible that the doctor wants more testing, especially if the patient is experiencing persistent or unusual pain.
• A bone scan is a test which is injected into a blood vessel in a small amount ofradioactive , which travels through the bloodstream, the substance then accumulates in the bones and is detected by a scanner .
• The computed tomography (CT), which consists of a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles, which are made ​​by a computer linked to an x-ray machine
• The procedure for MRI (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), which uses a powerful magnet linked to a computer to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body without using x-rays
  Treatment options depend on the type, size, location and stage or stage of cancer and the age and general health of the person. Treatment options for bone cancer include surgery,chemotherapy , radiotherapy and cryosurgery .